PGD-IVF Would Lead to Designer Babies Tuesday, Mar 24 2009
biology 1:50 am
George Dvorsky at Sentient Developments points us to an op-ed at New Scientist titled “Fears over ‘designer’ babies leave children suffering”. The author writes:
Such fears are misplaced: IVF-PGD is little use for creating designer babies. You cannot select for traits the parents don’t have, and the scope for choosing specific traits is very limited. What IVF-PGD is good for is ensuring children do not end up with disastrous genetic disorders.
I, along with dozens of prominent scientists in the field, disagree — IVF-PGD would be useful for creating designer babies. Would would would. To boost this position, the author links another New Scientist article… (one that he probably edited, being biology features editor) which seems to contradict him:
Part of the problem is that only one or two cells are available for screening. Until recently this greatly restricted the tests that could be done. However, new ways of amplifying DNA are making it possible to do hundreds of tests. That means clinics will be able to screen for a much wider range of harmful mutations - and for desirable variants too.
Only one paragraph that I can find appears to support the op-ed author’s idea that IVF-PGD couldn’t be used for designer babies:
How much further can selection go? What of that object of tabloid hysteria, the “designer baby”? Will we one day be able to ask for a tall, musical, blue-eyed boy or a dark-haired girl? Even if regulatory authorities allow us to use PGD to select desirable gene variants, there are major snags. For starters, IVF typically generates fewer than 10 embryos per cycle. This means parental choice will be very limited. “I don’t think anyone in their right mind would ever go through IVF to select the hair colour of their offspring,” says Yuri Verlinsky of the Reproductive Genetics Institute, Chicago, one of the pioneers of PGD.
This Verlinsky quote is really confusing. Elsewhere, Verlinsky has been quoted as saying that PGD-IVF could lead to a “disease-free society” (a sloppy way of saying a “genetic disease free society”), but he claims that people won’t use it to choose the hair color of their offspring. His quote doesn’t make it clear whether he’s talking about his opinion or the technical challenge. Also, the author of that (non op-ed) piece seriously breaks journalistic neutrality by calling designer babies an “object of tabloid hysteria” when many prominent scientists in IVF take the idea seriously. It’s like the contributors at New Scientist are on misguided vigilante missions to make emerging technologies sound more palatable to the mainstream.
In any case, the limitation on the number of blastocysts can be circumvented using multi-generational in vitro embryo selection, which Verlinsky should have already considered, and if he hasn’t, he has tunnel vision. So he either 1) is scientifically uncreative in his own field, or 2) knows that more advanced PGD-IVF could be used for designer babies, and just wants to keep it a secret from the public because he wants to get them to accept the technology incrementally, like boiling a crab in water that increases in temperature only slowly.
In general, I think the op-ed is a shoddy example of memetic engineering — the author is trying to distract attention away from the designer baby controversy to help promote PGD-IVF for eliminating genetic diseases. Good motive, but somewhat dishonest, because I doubt that even the author believes that PGD-IVF would be useless for designer babies.
Speaking of “designer babies”, I hate the term. As James Hughes said in WIRED, “the term “designer babies” is an insult to parents, because it basically says parents don’t have their kids’ best interests at heart”. How about just “PGD-IVF babies”, a non-catchy term, because it shouldn’t become catchy and be used to discriminate against children born using the tech or parents who decide to use it? This would be in the same vein of Aubrey calling his project “Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence” to make it deliberately difficult to misunderstand. The project of SIAI could become, “the Engineering of a Human-Values Reflective Optimizing Process”.
Also, we must remember that New Scientist lacks credibility. Instead of reading New Scientist, how about PhysOrg and Eurekalert? Or Next Big Future?
Either way, the whole issue matters not, because designer babies are largely irrelevant and will be eclipsed by things like strongly self-improving superintelligence and molecular manufacturing. See “Evolution by Choice” by Mitchell Howe.

March 24th, 2009 at 3:25 am
Michael, I think you’re being too harsh on Verlinsky. First, he is very unlikely to have thought of repeated embryo selection in vitro through the transformation of embryonic stem cells into further gametes, a baroque combination of techniques, several of which are not yet available in any workable form. He probably doesn’t care much about enhancement applications and hasn’t thought extensively about exotic scenarios.
Further, multi-generational embryo selection in vitro is NOT a way for two parents to have a child which has the normal genetic relationship to them. If you did multiple generations using only the product of IVF from 2 parents, you would be creating extremely inbred great(+) grand-children. If you use cells from cell banks, then the kids won’t be significantly genetically related to their parents. This technology falls in with cloning Einstein and implanting the embryo into your womb, or using donor sperm and eggs from extraordinary donors.
The latter has been possible for decades (remember the Nobel Sperm Bank?) but people have historically been quite unwilling to use donor sperm or donor sperm and eggs when they could conceive genetically related children. The set of fertile couples who select extraordinary sperm and egg donors for IVF instead of conceiving themselves is tiny, even though that technique is more powerful than single-step IVF-PGD will be for quite a while (since it doesn’t depend on knowing the genetic architecture of traits, only the parental phenotypes and the narrow-sense heritability of the traits).
Verlinsky would not be at all unreasonable to think that that won’t catch on, unless something like the old-style eugenics movement (moralizing reproduction, awarding praise and blame based on reproductive choices, etc) becomes very socially powerful. Use by a small number of people could still matter if the offspring had disproportionate effects on the world, but that’s getting towards a *really* idiosyncratic analytical frame.
March 24th, 2009 at 7:22 am
diagonally read this article and i think the only relevant omission is any reference to antropocentrism or antropomorfism in this reasonings.i read:”yet more people to come”.be they intelligent,emotionally challenging,transcoloured,sexually evaporated à décharge de “sexual dimorfisms”; fact will be that our species is destroying her home at an accelerating rate,thereby dishonouring all vegetal,mineral,animal,xenophile lifeforms and natural phenomenae.so,fuck off with this intrinsic reasonings about mengelerian genetics,the only outcome is what the frankfurter schule and poststructuralists all along had anticipated: a delusional leucemic proliferation of humanoid sedimentation=decline.at last.
March 24th, 2009 at 11:21 am
Good points, Carl, but Verlinsky says, “you’d have to be crazy”… which seems to dismiss even a minority adoption rate.
March 24th, 2009 at 11:29 am
The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is 1%. And Verlinsky says that doing IVF (expense, hassle, etc) just to select cosmetic traits like hair color is crazy. He doesn’t rule out doing IVF-PGD to guard against genetic disease and then using extra selective power for other traits.
March 25th, 2009 at 9:23 am
I had trimmed my RSS feeds from New Scientist down to one category after reading too many stories full of hype, and now I’ve dropped that one as well. Thanks for the reminder of Next Big Future.
March 25th, 2009 at 7:06 pm
I don’t see any ethical problem in choosing hair or eye color. We are always doing it when mating.
March 26th, 2009 at 8:27 am
Yes, IVF-PGD can and has been used to create designer babies. But that does not mean it gives you anything like the kind of choice that most people understand by the term “designer baby”.
Take one characteristic that people in China already go to extraordinary lengths to achieve: tallness. We now know that height depends on hundreds of gene variants, so IVF-PGD is not much use for short parents wanting tall children. The same probably applies to intelligence.
As for your speculation about generating more embryos, that ain’t going to be possible anytime soon.
Finally, there’s no contradiction at all about Verlinsky’s quote. It makes perfect sense to use IVF-PGD to ensure your children don’t inherit a serious disease, it’s crazy to undergo the risk and expense for a trivial characteristic like hair colour.
March 26th, 2009 at 11:55 am
Michael Le Page,
The complexity of a trait in the population isn’t what matters, it’s the degree to which siblings differ for genetic reasons. There’s a large genetic variance between siblings, which you can see by the increased similarity of monozygotic versus fraternal twins.
The reason you can’t select for height with PGD isn’t that it’s polygenic, it’s that we only know about alleles accounting for 5% of the variation.
March 26th, 2009 at 2:21 pm
Michael, I never said there was a contradiction, only that I wasn’t sure whether Verlinsky was referring to the moral choice or the technical challenge as the “crazy” part of selecting your child’s eye color.
As for the multiple embryos, the only part of the puzzle that is missing are artificial gametes, which the Hinxton Group believes is on the way in just 5-10 years.
March 30th, 2009 at 8:45 pm
Thanks for the more in-depth review, Michael.
I was tipped off to NS’ somewhat poor journalism partly due to the rather frequent misspellings and grammatical errors in their magazine, which a friend had let me borrow. It’s a good reminder to me to be even more critical than I’ve been reading from “scientific sources”.